Creating and executing code at runtime is an intriguing topic. It is one of the pieces that makes it possible to write JIT compilers for things like Java or C#.
Creating a byte array with executable instructions and “casting” that array to a function pointer is not enough . For security reasons, modern operating systems require you to specify which region of memory of your program is executable. On Windows the VirtualAlloc and VirtualProtect functions are used to do this.
There is a nice StackOverflow answer: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40936534/how-to-alloc-a-executable-memory-buffer by user Christian Hackl on how to use these API functions. In this post I’m going to try to replicate the C++ example from the SO post in Rust .
The first is to be able to call VirtualAlloc and VirtualProtect from Rust. There are several ways to call “C” style functions in Rust. However to call these Win32 API functions I am going to use Rust for Windows. This package provides an easy way to call into Win32 API .
First we start by adding the the windows crate to our dependencies. And we also specify that we need a couple of features:
//Cargo.toml
...
[dependencies.windows]
version="0.35.0"
features = [
"alloc",
"Win32_Foundation",
"Win32_System_Memory",
]Here, the most important feature is “Win32_System_Memory” which allows us to call VirtualAlloc and VirtualProtect. You can see that in the "Required features" section of the documentation entry here https://microsoft.github.io/windows-docs-rs/doc/windows/Win32/System/Memory/fn.VirtualAlloc.html
Now that we have this functions we can rewrite the example from the StackOverflow question:
use windows::{
core::*,
Win32::Foundation::*,
Win32::System::Memory::*,
};
fn main() -> Result<()> {
unsafe {
let buffer = VirtualAlloc(
std::ptr::null(),
4096,
MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE,
PAGE_READWRITE,
);
let buff_arr = std::mem::transmute::<*mut ::core::ffi::c_void, &mut [u8; 6]>(buffer);
buff_arr[0] = 0xb8; // MOV opcode
buff_arr[1] = 0x05; // '5' value
buff_arr[2] = 0x00;
buff_arr[3] = 0x00;
buff_arr[4] = 0x00;
buff_arr[5] = 0xc3; // RET
let mut dummy: [PAGE_PROTECTION_FLAGS; 1] = [PAGE_PROTECTION_FLAGS::default()];
let vpResult = VirtualProtect(buffer, 6, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ, dummy.as_mut_ptr());
if !vpResult.as_bool() {
GetLastError().to_hresult().ok()?;
}
let new_function = std::mem::transmute::<*mut ::core::ffi::c_void, fn() -> i32>(buffer);
let result = new_function();
println!("The result is {}", result);
VirtualFree(buffer, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
}
Ok(())
}After compiling and running this example we can see:
The result is 5
I was very happy the first time I saw that running!. Here the buff_array buffer has real x86 instructions equivalent to something like:
mov eax, 0x5
retEncoding this instructions is a very complex process. The documentation contains dense tables explaining the format for example for MOV or RET.
Also it is clear that we need unsafe Rust here since we are dealing with low level code.
The process of encoding the instructions is very complex. We can take a shortcut using the iced-x86 crate. This really cool library has a complete x86 assembler and dissembler. It was very easy (with my limited Rust knowledge) to adapt it to this little example.
For we include it in the Cargo.toml file:
[dependencies.iced-x86]
version = "1.17.0"
features = ["code_asm"]Now we can create the code using the nice API that iced-x86 provides. Here I’m adding a call to a function defined in the same program.
fn print_hello() -> u32 {
println!("Hello!!!");
1
}
fn encode_small_program() -> ::core::result::Result<Vec<u8>, asm::IcedError> {
let mut assembler = asm::CodeAssembler::new(64)?;
unsafe {
let print_hello_addr = std::mem::transmute::<fn() -> u32, u64>(print_hello);
assembler.sub(asm::rsp, 0x28)?;
assembler.mov(asm::rax, print_hello_addr)?;
assembler.call(asm::rax)?;
assembler.mov(asm::eax, 0x7)?;
assembler.add(asm::rsp, 0x28)?;
assembler.ret()?;
}
let instr = assembler.take_instructions();
let block = InstructionBlock::new(&instr, 0);
let res = BlockEncoder::encode(64, block, BlockEncoderOptions::NONE)?;
Ok(res.code_buffer)
}
We can modify the make program to use this new function:
let encoded_program = encode_small_program().unwrap();
let p = encoded_program.as_ptr();
unsafe {
let buffer = VirtualAlloc(
std::ptr::null(),
4096,
MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE,
PAGE_READWRITE,
);
let buff_arr = std::mem::transmute::<*mut ::core::ffi::c_void, *mut u8>(buffer);
std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(p, buff_arr, encoded_program.len());
let mut dummy: [PAGE_PROTECTION_FLAGS; 1] = [PAGE_PROTECTION_FLAGS::default()];
let vpResult = VirtualProtect(buffer, 6, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ, dummy.as_mut_ptr());
if !vpResult.as_bool() {
GetLastError().to_hresult().ok()?;
}
let new_function = std::mem::transmute::<*mut ::core::ffi::c_void, fn() -> i32>(buffer);
let result = new_function();
println!("The result is {}", result);
VirtualFree(buffer, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
}Running this program now shows:
Hello!!!
The result is 7This experiment bring intriguing possibilities for future posts!.
